Category: trombone

Baseball, the Chicago Cubs, and Egyptian Pharaohs. Seriously?

by Douglas Yeo (June 26, 2026)

I live in the Chicago area and a few weeks ago, I went to Wrigley Field to see a Chicago Cubs game. But this was not an ordinary sporting event for me. I took part in the playing of the National Anthem before the game with the University of Illiniois Trombone Choir, conducted by Dr. Jonathan Whitaker. I was trombone professor at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign from 2022-2024 while the University was conducting a search for a new trombone professor. I was thrilled when Jon Whitaker was hired to the position and when the Chicago Cubs invited the UIUC trombone choir to play the National Anthem on June 2, — part of the Cubs’ annual University of Illinois night at Wrigley Field — it took me exactly one second to accept Jon’s invitation for me to play with the group.

The University of Illinois Trombone Choir conducted by Dr. Jonathan Whitaker, Wrigley Field, Chicago, June 2, 2026. You can see me fifth from right among the bass trombone players (photo by Matt Dirksen/Chicago Cubs).

The day was very special for me. I’ve played the National Anthem at dozens of professional and collegiate sporting events during my lifetime. It’s always been a thrill to be on the field or at center court in a stadium and this was a chance to enjoy the moment with some of my former students at Illinois who were also playing the Anthem. CLICK HERE to view the official video of the performance (on YouTube) that was provided to the University of Illinois Trombone Studio by the Chicago Cubs.

With my former trombone students Sam Murray, Louis Gray, and Derrick Neal. Wrigley Field, Chicago, June 2, 2026.

Before the game, I stopped in a sports shop in Wrigleyville and picked up a copy of a new book, Chicago Cubs 150 Years: The Official Illustrated History. I flipped through the pages and my eyes popped out when I saw a two page spread with photos of baseball players playing a game at the Pyramids and Sphinx in Egypt. Seriously.

Scott Gummer, Chicago Cubs 150 Years: The Official Illustrated History (Skybox Press, 2026).

Baseball game at the Pyramids of Giza. Chicago White Stockings (Chicago Cubs) vs. All America All-Stars, February 9, 1889.

Members of the Chicago White Stockings (Chicago Cubs) with members of the All American All-Stars at the Sphinx, Giza, Egypt, February 9, 1889.

Given my interest in Egypt (readers of TheLastTrombone can read my articles about Egypt HERE, HERE, and HERE), I started looking for more information about this. I found that the story has been told HERE (“The surreal afternoon a baseball game was played among the great Egyptian pyramids”), and, for detailed accounts with team rosters, the schedule, results of games, and much more, HERE (February 9, 1889: A Wondrous Ball Park: The Pyramid Game in Giza, Egypt”), and HERE (“The Great Base Ball Trip around the World in 1888–’19”).

The Chicago Cubs were founded as the Chicago White Stockings in 1870 and in 1876, the team joined baseball’s National League. In 1890, the team took on the name the Chicago Colts and by 1902, they adopted the name Chicago Cubs.

From October 1888 to April 1889, Chicago White Stockings team owner Albert Spalding took the team on a world tour where the White Stockings played exhibition games against a “All America” team of National League all-star players. The tour, which started in the United States, took the teams to New Zealand, Australia, and Europe, and included a game in Sri Lanka (January 26, 1889) and one in the shadow of the Great Pyramid of Giza (February 9, 1889) before returning to the United States to finish the tour. Three players on the tour were later inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame: Cap Anson, John Montgomery Ward, and Ned Hanlon. In addition, Albert Spalding and Henry Chadwick, who accompanied the teams on the tour, also were also inducted into the Hall of Fame.

Seeing these photos seems almost surreal. As if that wasn’t enough, as I was looking for more information about the games, I came across a page on the website of Because Baseball that implied that a type of baseball may have been invented and played in ancient Egypt. And they included a photograph to support their argument:

Photo courtesy of Because Baseball.

Well, it sure LOOKS like someone with a baseball and bat. Yes? This led me to dig more deeply and learn that there are a number of such representations in Egyptian temples. The photo above is captioned “400 BC relief from the Temple of Philae in southern Egypt: Baseball has deep roots in ancient Egypt.” I visited Philae in January 2026 when my wife and I took a tour of Egypt. We did not see this relief (there was so much to see on Philae. . .) and after doing some research, I learned that it appears in the Temple of Isis at Philae, on the outer east wall of the sanctuary/nous.

Here is the location of the relief:

The Temple of Isis at Philae, Egypt. Bertha Porter and Rosalind L. B. Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Paintings: VI. Upper Egypt: Chief Temples (Excluding Thebes), Abydos, Dendera, Esna, Edfu, Kôm Ombo, and Philae (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1991), 230. The location of the relief is circled in red.

And here is an epigraphic drawing that shows the relief in context:

Georges Bénédite, Le Temple de Philae, Vol. 2 (Paris: Leroux, 1895), plate XXIX.

Carl E. DeVries described the scene (Carl E. DeVries, “A Ritual Ball Game?,” in Studies in Honor of John A Wilson (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969), 30.):

The second register on the exterior of the east wall of the temple of Isis [at Philae] has nine scenes of offerings made by Augustus. The eighth scene from the left shows the ruler striking a ball before Sekhmet, who is seated on a throne at the right. The king wears the double crown above horns, as in the first Edfu relief described above. Again he holds the ball in his left hand, while in his right he holds a stick which is more accurately described as a club or bat since it is considerably thicker at the striking end than at the handle. The position of the arms and the grasping of the club are more realistic than in the earlier representations.

It sure looks like baseball to our modern eyes. And there are some scholars that think that it’s plausible that some kind of game may be in play at the scene. However, recent scholarship seems to point to an act where the King — in the case of the Philae image, Caeser Augustus dressed as a Pharaoh — engages in a ritualized act of destruction, not a sport. The “ball” is not there to be played with; it is the evil eye Apophis (an ancient Egyptian diety of chaos and darkness). It is a symbolic enemy to be destroyed. The “bat” is not a baseball bat; it is a club or stick whose power derives from royal and divine violence. The setting is the temple wall, before the god Sekhmet (an ancient Egyptian diety of war and healing), within a series of offering scenes. Here, “hitting the ball” is an act of violence and royal protection whereby the King (Augustus) destroys a hostile power. For more on this, see, Panagiotis I. M. Kousoulis, “Some remarks on the ritual of ‘striking the ball’ in the liturgical environment of the Ptolemaic temples,” in ed. Ben Haring and Andrea Klug, Ägyptologische Tempeltagung, Leiden, 4–7 September 2002, Function und Gebrauch altägyptischer Tempelräume (Wiesbaden: Harrossowitz, 2007), 153–166.

And here is something else that’s important. Because Baseball’s article on baseball in Egypt dated this relief to 300 BC. That’s not correct. Rome conquered Egypt in 30 BC, and Augustus’s rule in Egypt was from 30 BC to 14 AD. The temple of Isis at Philae was erected in the third and second centuries BC during the Ptolemaic era of Egypt’s history but the Augustus reliefs were not made until the Roman era, several centuries later.

All of this is an interesting intersection of ancient Egypt and today’s modern sport of baseball. Things are not always as they appear but letting our imagination run wild — even if it flies in the face of historical accuracy — is fun. I will be visiting the Temple of Philae again when we return to Egypt next year and I will be sure to take some photos of the scene and then revise this article. For now, we’ll continue cheering for the Cubs (in baseball) and the Egyptian national team (in soccer/football). Go Cubs! Go Egypt!

The Tutankhamun trumpets

by Douglas Yeo (February 12, 2026)

Our recent trip to Egypt brought with it many avenues for ongoing exploration and learning. Among these are the two trumpets found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, now on display in the Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza. I have been interested in these instruments ever since I heard of them many years ago, and I recently wrote about them in the new book about the trombone I’m writing for Oxford University Press. In an opening chapter about the ancestors of the trombone, these trumpets figure in an important way.

Douglas Yeo with the trumpets found in the tomb of Tutankhamun, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza. Photo by Patricia Yeo, January 15, 2026.

Of course, Tutankhamun’s tomb is especially famous for the over 5,000 treasures that were buried with him. Among these are his golden throne and golden death mask, iconic works that have entered into the consciousness of people around the world since the tomb discovered in the modern era by Hussein Abdel Rasoul—a 12-year Egyptian water boy who, while working on the site, discovered the first step that led to the tomb—and the site’s lead archaeologist, Howard Carter, who spent the next ten years cataloguing and removing all of the tomb’s artifacts. All of those artifacts are now beautifully displayed at the Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza, and a sample of them may be found in this article I wrote recently on TheLastTrombone, Egypt. It is amazing.

The golden mask of Tutankhamun, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza. Photo by Douglas Yeo, January 15, 2026.

The throne of Tutankhamun, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza. Photo by Douglas Yeo, January 15, 2026.

The trombone was invented in the fifteenth century. Whether it evolved from an instrument scholars refer to as the “Renaissance slide trumpet”—the existence of such an instrument is presumed from iconography but no contemporaneous descriptions or physical specimens have ever surfaced—or through another creational path is not settled. But no matter how it came to be, the trombone is a direct descendant of the trumpet, an instrument known for thousands of years. Long before the invention of the valve by Heinrich Stölzel and Friedrich Blühmel in the early nineteenth century—both filed patents for their valve invention around the same time and a joint patent was eventually awarded to both men in 1818—the trumpet (and horn) were “natural” instruments with fixed lengths of tubing. The trombone, therefore, was a huge step forward in brass instrument development, with its ability to play chromatically throughout the range of the instrument.

That said, the trumpet is the most important and direct ancestor of the trombone. While ancient iconography shows what may be lip-activated instruments made of natural materials—wood, bone, ivory—none of those instruments from antiquity have survived. It is metal ancestors we look for, instruments that we can hold in our hand and say, “Aha! So THIS is what it looked, felt, and sounded like.” But before claims can be made, researchers need to establish a secure date for any historical artifact. Brass cannot be dated through carbon-14 dating, so finding instruments in places alongside other materials found in the same location that can be dated is important.

Two distinct instruments have vied for pride of place as the “first” metal brasswind instrument: the Scandinavian lur and the Egyptian trumpet.

Two lurs. Photograph from H. C. Broholm, William P. Larsen, and Godtfred Skjerne, The Lures of the Bronze Age: An Archaeological, Technical, and Musicological Investigation (Copenhagen: Glydendalske Boghandel, 1949), plate 4.

The lur—a beautifully elegant instrument made in the lost-wax casting process—is often described as made between from between c. 1500 and 500 BC.[1] These instruments have been discovered in bogs mostly in Denmark and other parts of Scandinavia. As Hans Broholm, William Larsen, and Godtfred Skjerne said in their seminal book about the lur, “The main difficulty in solving [the lur dating] problem is that the lures were never found together with other objects the chronological data of which within the Bronze Age were known.”[2] Other scholars, like John Coles, have cast serious doubt on the early dating of lurs, noting that dating lurs based on comparison of their decorative elements with other securely dated Bronze Age artifacts for which an accurate date of construction is known, represents “an error in this line of thought.”[3]

As a result, consensus has coalesced around a date of about 1000 BC for the earliest lurs, as recognized by The National Museum of Denmark (Nationalmuseet).

Continuing the search for even older brasswind instruments of metal led to the tomb of Tutankhamun.

Two trumpets were found in Tutankhamun’s tomb. One of silver with gold accents (item 175) was found on the floor in a corner of the Pharaoh’s burial chamber, between the wall and the first of the four golden shrines that surrounded his sarcophagus.

The silver (with gold accents) trumpet found in Tutankhamun’s tomb, with its associated wooden protective insert, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza. Photo by Douglas Yeo, January 15, 2026.

The silver (with gold accents) trumpet of Tutankhamun, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza. Photo by Douglas Yeo, January 15, 2026.

Drawing by Howard Carter of the burial chamber in the tomb of Tutankhamun, showing the place where the silver trumpet was discovered. Courtesy The Griffith Institute.

Another trumpet—of bronze or copper with gold accents (item 50gg)—was found in a box in the antechamber that led to the burial chamber:

The bronze or copper (with gold accents) trumpet found in Tutankhamun’s tomb, with its associated wooden protective insert, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza. Photo by Douglas Yeo, January 15, 2026.

Drawing by Lindsey F. Hall and Walter Hauser of the antechamber of the tomb of Tutankhamun, showing the place where the bronze or copper trumpet was discovered, inside a chest. Courtesy the Griffith Institute.

The bronze or copper trumpet found in a chest in the Antechamber of the tomb of Tutankhamun, in situ. Photo by Harry Burton, The Griffith Institute. Reproduced in, Lise Manniche, Musical Instruments From the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1976), vol. VI, plate XII.

These trumpets are simple, straight instruments, beautifully engraved with hieroglyphics (including his two cartouches, or signatures) and scenes featuring Tutankhamun and various Egyptian gods.

The literature about these trumpets is copious, and various sources emphasize particular aspects of the trumpets—their materials, construction process, decoration, and use. Over the years, I’ve collected many resources that discuss the Tutankhamun trumpets and for those interested, they provide an interesting study. Here is a sample:

Hans Hickmann, La trompette dans l’égypte ancienne (Cairo: l’institut Français, 1946)
Lise Manniche, Musical Instruments From the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn (Oxford: Griffith Institute, 1976), vol. VI.
Jeremy Montagu, “One of Tut’ankhamūn’s Trumpets,” The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 64 (1978), 133–134.
Nicholas Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (London: Thames and Hudson, 1990), 164–165.
Zahi Hawass and Sandro Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London: Thames & Hudson, 2007), 76.
Jeremy Montagu, Horns and Trumpets of the World (Lanham: Roman & Littlefield, 2007), 71–74.
Jeremy Montagu, Tutankhamon’s Trumpets and the Hatsots’rot, www.jeremymontagu.co.uk/tutankhamon.pdf
Toby Wilkinson, Tutankhamun’s Trumpet: Ancient Egypt in 100 Objects From the Boy King’s Tomb (New York: Norton, 2023), 410–413.

Happily, Tutankhamun’s trumpets can be securely dated. We know that Tutankhamun ruled from c. 1332 to 1323 BC. The fact that these trumpets were found undisturbed in his tomb allows us to date the trumpets to as early as 1323 BC—the date the tomb was sealed—or perhaps earlier. With this, we can—until or unless an earlier example can be identified—look to Egypt as the birthplace of the metal trumpet, an instrument securely documented to be around 3350 years old—or older.

Iconography in Egyptian temples also shows images of trumpeters, and a particularly interesting example is found in the mortuary temple of Queen/Pharaoh Hatshepsut, daughter of Thutmose I. Hatshepsut reigned from 1473 to 1458 BC. Her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari (Luxor) includes a painted, carved frieze on the south side of the lower colonnade that shows a trumpet player in a procession with a trumpet that looks similar to the ones found in Tutankhamun’s tomb.

Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahari). The location of the following photos is circled in red. Photo by Douglas Yeo, January 20, 2026.

The image was badly defaced in antiquity, so much so that the trumpet is barely visible today. The carving was probably defaced by a successor to Hapshetsut to remove a vertical hieroglyphic inscription (see the images below), and the trumpet, which was next to the inscription, became a casualty. In January 2026, during a trip to Egypt, I took this photo of the trumpet player—from a distance of about 30 yards. The south side of the lower colonnade was closed so this was the best photo I could obtain from my vantage point. Unfortunately, the faint image of the trumpet was not visible from where I stood.

Painted frieze of a trumpet player, lower colonnade (south wall), Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahari). Photo by Douglas Yeo, January 20, 2026.

However, in 1908, Edouard Naville made a drawing of the image based on his close examination of the south wall. Because of his drawing, and a subsequent redrawing by Hans Hickmann in 1946, we know the trumpet is still there, however faint. I am hoping that when I return to Egypt someday, the south wall of the lower colonnade at Dier el-Bahari will be open so I can carefully examine this important image myself.

Drawing of painted frieze of a trumpet player, lower colonnade (south wall), Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahari). From: Edouard Naville, The Temple of Deir El Bahari (London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1908), part VI, plate CLV.

Drawing of painted frieze of a trumpet player, lower colonnade (south wall), Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut (Deir el-Bahari). From: Hans Hickmann, la trompette dans l’égypte ancienne (Cairo: l’Institut Français d’Archéologie Orientale, 1946), 4. Based on, Edouard Naville, The Temple of Deir El-Bahari (London: Egypt Exploration Fund, 1908), part VI, plate CL.

Because we know that Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple was built in her lifetime, we can securely date the image of the trumpet player as from at least 1458 BC—or earlier. This is 135 years before the death of Tutankhamun.

All of this is a walk along a fascinating breadcrumb trail through history. The search for the earliest metal ancestor of the trombone leads through Egypt, one of the most important, advanced, and influential civilizations in human history. Who knew that when Howard Carter looked inside Tutankhamun’s tomb for the first time and said—in response to the question, “Do you see anything?”—”Yes, it is wonderful”—two of the wonders would be trumpets.[4] Think about that the next time you pick up your trombone.

• • •

NOTES:

Header image: The silver (with gold accents) trumpet from the tomb of Tutankhamun, Grand Egyptian Museum, Giza. Photo by Douglas Yeo, January 15, 2026

[1] James W. McKinnon and Birgit Kjellström, “Lur,” in Grove Dictionary of Music Instruments, ed. Laurence Libin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), Vol. 3, 322

[2] H. C. Broholm, William P. Larsen, and Godtfred Skjerne, The Lures of the Bronze Age: An Archaeological, Technical, and Musicological Investigation (Copenhagen: GlydendalskeBoghandel, 1949), 51.

[3] John M. Coles, “Irish Bronze Age Horns and their relations with Northern Europe,” in Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 29 (December 1963), 344.

[4] Howard Carter, diary entry for November 26, 1922, from the first excavation season in the tomb of Tutankhamun, Part 1: October 28 to December 31, 1922.

Why trombone players cannot trust artificial intelligence (AI) for historical information

by Douglas Yeo (December 17, 2025)

I am at work on a book for Oxford University Press, The Trombone Book, that will be part of OUP’s new series of books on musical instruments. This new series replaces OUP’s previous series of books on musical instruments that included Trombone Technique by my late friend, Denis Wick (London: Oxford, 1971) that has been out of print for several years. I am working up against several deadlines to get the book finished and submitted by the end of 2026, so I’m working on this every day. It’s slow going because I want the book to be helpful. And if it’s going to be helpful, it needs to be accurate.

Included in my new book are several chapters on the history of the trombone, its music, composers, and performers. I have over 2000 books in my library here at home, and I make ample use of inter-library loan (ILL, or ILLIAD), access to which is generously provided to me by the kind staff at the Library at my undergraduate alma-mater, Wheaton College.

Two of the seven bookcases about composers, musical instruments, and other music related subjects in my home office. In our basement, I have many more bookcases full of books.

When it comes to historical resources, many have been scanned and are available on IMSLP and Internet Archive. This is a tremendous resource for researchers, a real change from the microfilm/microfiche days of old. (I remember those days; it was not an easy time to do research.) When I can’t find a scan online, I acquire the book. If I can’t get the book through inter-library-loan, I purchase it. Even though many historical passages in treatises and methods have been translated into English by various authors (including David Guion, Howard Weiner, and Stewart Carter), I always want to see the original myself and do my own translation. In some cases, when I deal with old typography in various languages (16th through 18th centuries), it’s difficult to read, and artificial intelligence can be helpful in providing the original text in readable form. AI (I use ChatGPT 5.2, a paid service that is more advanced than the free ChatGPT 4.o) can provide a reasonably good text into modern languages from old typography, and it also reasonably translates text into English. In this, AI can be very helpful, However. . . after I read an AI-made translation, I always redo the translation myself and also confirm the translation with a native speaker of that language. Because I don’t trust AI.

I have written about this previously on TheLastTrombone and if you haven’t read my article, ChatGPT and the trombone: Is this the end of writing and research? I don’t think so., please take a minute to do so. In that article, I fed ChatGPT several questions about the trombone and other musical instruments. The answers will probably surprise you but my conclusion should not: You cannot trust AI when it comes to the history of the trombone.

There are three reasons for this:

First, AI only knows what it’s been fed. If it’s been fed junk — older readers may remember IBM’s early motto, “GIGO,” or “Garbage In, Garbage Out” — it will spew out junk. Frankly, there is a lot of trombone research out there that’s pure junk. And AI has been fed a steady diet of trombone research junk. Why that’s the case is another story, but suffice to say that when I read something about the trombone in a book or article, I always look for the footnote and I track down the source myself. Because machines aren’t the only thing that get things wrong: human beings get things wrong, too, or they’re sloppy, or they don’t cite a source correctly, or they cite a secondary source that cites another secondary source and when you go to the end of the rainbow, there is no primary source. I wrote about this — people making up something and presenting it as true because they didn’t actually track down the original source — on TheLastTrombone when I discovered that the Pulitzer Prize Committee had mangled a quotation by Joseph Pulitzer ON ITS OWN WEBSITE. Read about that HERE, in my article titled, “Words matter.”

Second, AI is getting worse, not better when it comes to history. When it is asked questions, AI tries to answer them. It rarely says “I don’t know.” Instead, it feeds on previous answers it has given to similar questions, even if those answers were wrong. In time, like a game of “telephone,” AI ends up with something that’s wrong but sounds plausible. It always writes with excruciatingly accurate grammar and punctuation, even if sometimes the sentence structure it uses is a little over the top and a little cringeworthy.

Third, AI hallucinates. It makes up stuff. All. The. Time.

I’m taking time away from working on my book today to share a recent interaction I had with AI regarding a 18th century text about the trombone. I’m working with multiple sources at the same time and now and then, I get confused about where I actually got a source. I have hundreds of PDFs of articles, treatises, and methods in several languages. I have many screenshots I’ve taken of text that I’ve then uploaded to ChatGPT to put into a modern typeface so I can read it better.

Today, I was proofreading chapter 2 of my book, “A Brief History of the Conception and Evolution of the Trombone.” The first part of the chapter concerns many of the myths about the history of the trombone, myths that have been repeated over and over again in papers, dissertations, and books. Starting out with what’s wrong about how the trombone’s history has been told allows me to correct false narratives. It also gives me a good starting place to get back to ground zero and write something about the trombone’s history without the fog of mis- and dis-information that has affected trombone research for hundreds of years.

While I was proofreading, I came across an origin story for the trombone that I had included in my chapter — a false origin story. I recalled that I had read an English translation of the text I’m including in the chapter in a book, but I couldn’t recall where. My citation was for the original treatise; at least I THOUGHT it was the correct citation. But something in the back of my mind wondered if I had it right, so I re-uploaded the text to ChatGPT and asked what the source was. Here’s the text I needed to identify:

It’s the first paragraph that interests me. It’s a false narrative about the origin of the trombone. I translated it like this:

According to the testimony of Philo, the trombone was invented by the great, God-beloved prophet Moses, around the year 2400 of the world 200, just as Jewish writers ascribe the psaltery and cither to the first musician, Jubal. So, it is beyond dispute that the trombone is one of the most ancient musical instruments.

In my citation, I had given this as the source:

Johann Philipp Eisel, Musicus autodidactus, oder der sich selbst informirende Musicus (Erfurt: Wülfingische Buchhandlung 1738), 70.

But I wanted to be sure. So I asked ChatGPT. What follows are screenshots of my interaction with AI just a few hours ago, today, December 17, 2025. It begins with my uploading the passage (above) and my asking AI to identify it. I told AI that it had previously worked on this passage for me. My comments are on the right side of each screenshot, in a shaded box; ChatGPT is on the left:

AI identified the passage as from Daniel Speer’s important treatise Grund-richter Unterricht der Musikalischen Kunst (Fundamentally Correct Instruction in the Musical Arts) (Ulm: Georg Wilhelm Kühne; Christian Balthasar Kühnen sel. Erben, 1697).

AI said it was NOT from Walther’s Musicalisches Lexicon. Walther’s book, Musicalisches Lexicon oder Musicalische Bibliothec (Leipzig: Wolfgang Deer, 1732). I don’t know why ChatGPT said the text was not by Walther. AI must have thought I might have thought the quotation was from Walther’s book even though I had not referenced that book in any of my previous interactions with ChatGPT. A red flag went up in my mind.

In any case, ChatGPT continued to explain its confidence in identifying the passage as by Daniel Speer. It wrote:

That sounds pretty confident. And raise your hand if that answer would be good enough for you to include AI’s attribution to Speer in your paper about the trombone. I see your hand up!

But I wasn’t so sure. This all sounded a little suspicious. AI didn’t give any REAL source for the attribution to Speer. It said the passage “is characteristic of Speer,” it is out of “Speer’s Biblical-historical framework,” “Josephus” appears in Speer’s work, etc. It didn’t seem right, even though it confidently told me where I could find the text in Speer’s book. So, I asked AI to give me more:

First, here you can see the “fake news” in this passage, now that it’s translated into English. It cites the Hellenistic Jewish Philosopher, Philo of Alexandria, who, the passage says, testified that the trombone was invented by Moses — yes, THAT Moses, he of the 10 Commandments — in the year 2400 OF THE WORLD (not BC or AD, but OF THE WORLD) — and that “it is beyond dispute that the trombone is one of the most ancient musical instruments.” You can see why I’m including this text in my book where I talk about the myths of the trombone’s origins. It. Is. Not. True.

Second, ChatGPT’s translation of the passage into English is a little different than my own translation that I’m including in my book, as mentioned above. That’s because there are many ways to “do translation.” Word-for word, or thought-for-thought, or a combination. Once again, here’s my translation. It isn’t better or worse than the one that AI gave, but it’s a little more literal. The important thing is that the sense of the original comes through loud and clear and nothing new is added to the author’s intent:

According to the testimony of Philo, the trombone was invented by the great, God-beloved prophet Moses, around the year 2400 of the world 200, just as Jewish writers ascribe the psaltery and cither to the first musician, Jubal. So, it is beyond dispute that the trombone is one of the most ancient musical instruments

OK, back to AI. . .

I looked at my original citation for the text as I had written it in my book chapter. I had it identified as by Johann Eisel, as mentioned above. I was having doubts about Chat GPT’s confidence that the passage was from Speer, and I was gaining confidence in my original citation of Eisel.

I went back to my files and found Speer’s treatise. ChatGPT said the text in question came from page 221 of Speer’s book. I found the page; here’s what Speer wrote about the trombone on the bottom of page 221 and top of page 222:

Page 221 and 222 (incipts) from Daniel Speer, Grund-richtiger, kurtz-leicht- und nöthiger, jetzt wol-vermehrter Unterricht der musicalischen Kunst. Oder Vierfaches musicalisches Kleeblatt… (Ulm: Georg Wilhelm Kühne; Christian Balthasar Kühnen sel. Erben, 1697)

Here, below, is an English translation of these passages. You’ll notice that Speer is writing about the trombone in A, that the trombone has only three slide positions, and that alto, tenor, and bass trombone parts can all be played on a tenor trombone. I’m not going to unpack those things in this blog article; that’s a long conversation for another time (read about them in my book when it comes out!). Here’s what Speer wrote:

On trombones.

How does one ordinarily play a trombone?
A trombone is played by blowing and by means of the slide.

How many slide positions does a trombone have?
The principal slide positions of the trombone are in three places, apart from several others which should also be added.

Since on a tenor trombone one can play alto, tenor, and bass, this instrument shall therefore be described first.

First, one should know a trombone consists of two parts, namely the main section and the slide tubes, which lie within a sleeve. The main section is fitted onto the slide tubes, and the entire trombone is held with the left hand — a customary manner of holding which the instructor will already demonstrate to his pupil. With the right hand, however, one grasps the sleeve between the fingers.

This instrument has three principal slide positions. The first position is at the mouthpiece and consists of the following notes, as the appended example shows:

Interesting stuff, for sure. But there’s nothing on these pages about Philo. Nothing. Nothing about Moses. Nothing.

So I questioned AI about this:

Well, AI sure put me in my place: “Your screenshot is not from Eisel.” That sounds pretty definitive. But I pulled up my sleeves. I was ready for battle.

“OK, machine,” I thought. “Game on.”

By then I knew I was right and ChatGPT was wrong. I remembered where I first saw the quotation: it is in David M. Guion’s book, The Trombone: Its History and Music, 1697–1811 (New York: Gordon and Breach, 1988; reprint, New York: Routledge, 2013). David’s book is invaluable for a lot of reasons, including the fact that he reproduces comments about the trombone from many historical books and treatises. I turned to page 41 of David’s book and found the passage in question in the original German alongside David’s translation to English. If you’re a trombonist and you don’t have this book, ask Santa Claus to bring you a copy, or get it from the library. Here’s the passage from David Guion’s book; this is where I first read about Eisel’s story about Philo and the supposed origin — NOT! — of the trombone:

Excerpt from David M. Guion’s book, The Trombone: Its History and Music, 1697–1811 (Gordon and Breach, 1988; reprint, New York: Routledge, 2013), page 41.

As you can see above, David’s English translation is a little different than the one ChatGPT made and the one I made. All three give a good sense of the original. But even though David’s a really good researcher and scholar (and a fine trombonist, too), I wanted to see the original with my own eyes and make my own translation. I’ve seen enough instances where someone has missed a word—I’ve done it myself. It’s really important to me to get to the original source if I can find it. So I went looking for Eisel’s original.

Now it was time for me to ask ChatGPT another question. It had hallucinated — it had made up that the passage was by Speer. I wanted to know why, and I let the machine have it right between the eyes—or between semiconductors:

It took 44 seconds for ChatGPTto “think” and then write one of the most difficult sentences in the English language: “You’re right, and I was wrong.” AI went on to explain WHY it was wrong. Its answer was revealing. It didn’t check for the source of the quotation in question. It used a pattern-matching algorithm to attribute the quotation to Speer. Further, it was “overconfident.” When I challenged the attribution, instead of checking again, AI argued with me. It thought it knew the right answer and I didn’t. But AI was wrong.

I wasn’t going to let AI off the hook. In hopes that this “conversation” with a machine might help it make better decisions in the future, I scolded ChatGPT:

OK. A gold star for Douglas Yeo. A failing grade for ChatGPT. But, actually, this isn’t funny. This kind of thing goes on ALL THE TIME. ChatGPT’s conclusion is actually exactly correct:

If AI is to be useful in serious scholarship at all, it has to be treated — and behave — as a fallible research assistant, not an oracle.

Yes. Read these words over, and over, and over. This is important.

I hope that this short diversion from my afternoon of working on my book is both revealing and helpful to readers who engage in research and writing. AI is really useful for a lot of things. But it is also really BAD for a lot of things. We simply cannot rely on it for historical information. As AI tools evolve, they are getting more and more confident. That confidence is often misplaced. As I said earlier, AI’s answers often are like a game of “telephone.” Over time, AI’s overconfidence causes it to use its own hallucinations and misinformation and pile it on top of other misinformation on top of other misinformation. When dealing with AI, individuals are increasingly seeing that it is wise to employ the same phrase that Ronald Reagan used when he was negotiating a nuclear arms reduction treaty with the Soviet Union in the 1980s: “Trust but verify.” Actually, forget the trust part. You can’t trust AI. Verify everything. Everything.

The importance of getting trombone research right isn’t on the level of working to prevent nuclear war. But for a student who relies on AI, the consequence of a failing grade, or being responsible for continuing to perpetuate falsehoods, ought to be enough to cause one to think twice, then three times, then four times, or seventy-times-seven times before trusting anything AI delivers. If you’re a college professor, please consider forwarding this article to your students and on your social media platforms. We must recognize the limitations of artificial intelligence. We must get the world out. As ChatGPT said:

AI is a fallible research assistant, not an oracle.

That’s the most accurate thing I’ve heard from ChatGPT in a long time.

A dragon-bell trombone solo x one million people

by Douglas Yeo (December 13, 2025)

I don’t use any form of social media – Facebook, Instagram, and all the rest. I have my reasons for this but I understand that many people find it useful and helpful. Actually, there was a short time in my life when I did use Facebook. That was during the years I was Professor of Trombone at Arizona State University, 2012–2026. At that time, a Facebook page for our trombone studio was a great way to get out the message of what we were doing at ASU. It also was helpful for recruitment, and parents always seemed to enjoy the photos and videos I would post that included their children. But that was it for me and social media – when I retired from ASU, that was the end of my social media engagement.

Now and then, a friend or colleague will reach out to me and let me know that someone posted something about me, and now and then I hear from people who tag me on social media, wondering why I didn’t respond to them. Well, I don’t use social media; I never saw their tag!

Segue: Last week, I (Douglas Yeo) visited my friend, Dana Hofer, who owns Dana Hofer Brass Repair in Des Plaines, Illinois. He is the go to person for brass players in the Chicago area when they need an instrument fixed. Since we moved here in 2018, I’ve made many trips to his shop to get various instruments repaired. He’s a great technician, a decent, honorable, fair-minded person, and runs his business like he cares for and about his customers and their instruments. Because he does.

Earlier this year, I acquired a bell to a 200 year old buccin, a “dragon-bell” trombone made by Jean-Baptiste Tabard in Lyon, France. Tabard was active as a maker in the early nineteenth century and the buccin was popular in French military bands at that time. I’ve written about the buccin on TheLastTrombone. I recorded a video of me playing a buccin by Tabard at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. I’ve also written the entry about the buccin for The Grove Dictionary of Musical Instruments and several other publications.

The logo of the International Trombone Association, based on a buccin by Tabard owned by New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, Massachusetts.

And. . . the buccin is the official logo of the International Trombone Association. That logo appears on the plaque I received in 2014 when I received the International Trombone Association’s ITA Award. It hangs on the wall above the desk where I am writing this blog post.

At its founding in 1972, the ITA adopted a stylized buccin logo based on a buccin in the collection of New England Conservatory of Music in Boston, where I taught for 27 years when I was a member of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. And the maker of NEC’s buccin? Tabard. So, now I own a buccin that is a cousin to the one at New England Conservatory of Music, and the ITA’s logo has even more meaning to me.

The buccin bell I recently acquired was in very rough shape when it arrived on my doorstep. It was heavily dented, it was missing a brace, another brace had come loose at its flange, and it was covered with two centuries of patina and grime. But I knew that the right person could resurrect it. I asked Dana if he could restore the bell so I could play it. He agreed, and last week, he called and told me it was ready. I went to his shop to pick it up.

I love playing the buccin. I think it’s the coolest trombone ever made. It’s wonky looking and wonky sounding. And because the bell is over your head and not in front of you, you don’t have the bell as a guide to find slide positions. Imagine playing trombone with your eyes closed. That’s how you REALLY get to know the trombone. Playing it is a really fun challenge.

When I dropped the bell off for Dana to restore, I gave him a slide to my other buccin bell by François Sautermeister of Lyon, a slide that had been made for me by Jim Becker (formerly of Osmun Music in the Boston area, now with YAMAHA in New York City). I asked Dana to make a new receiver for that slide so it would fit on my newly acquired Tabard buccin.

Douglas Yeo’s buccin by Jean Baptiste Tabard, Lyon. Bell restored by Dana Hofer. Slide by James Becker after an original at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

When I saw my buccin at Dana’s shop last week, I was absolutely thrilled with his restoration. The dents were gone, a new brace was in place, the centuries of grime had been removed and I had a beautiful instrument in my hands. Here are some “before and after” photos:

Of course, I wanted to play it right away. After tooting a couple of arpeggios – and noticing that it played in A, not B-flat – Dana said, “Hey, let’s make a video for Instagram.” “Sure,” I said. Dana gave his iPhone to Sam Park, who works with Dana at the shop, and Sam took a video of me playing “We Wish You A Merry Christmas.” It was the first piece I’d ever played on the buccin and that was that.

It was over in 30 seconds. I went home and moved on to some other things.

A little later in the day, Dana texted to say he had posted the video on Instagram and Facebook. If you want to see the video, go to Dana Hofer Brass on Instagram, or Dana Hofer Brass Repair on Facebook. I also put it on my own YouTube channel so I could link the video to this blog post. Here’s the video:

Two hours later, Dana texted me again with a screenshot of his Instagram feed. He wrote:

Just so you know, the Instagram is blowing up. These are pretty high numbers for me.

The video had 13,400 views in two hours. I shook my head. I don’t know how Instagram works, but that seemed wild. Over the course of the week, the numbers kept climbing. Then, this morning, December 13, 2025, Dana texted me with an update and he sent me a message with the screenshot below:

Looks like we might hit 1 million today.

The Instagram feed for Dana Hofer Brass, 11:01 am, December 13, 2025. 997,000 views. Dana Hofer on the left; Douglas Yeo on the right.

Seriously? 997k views? 997,000? Nearly a MILLION views of this video? With 60,800 “likes” and 29,100 shares? I couldn’t believe it.

Sure enough, the video hit a MILLION views this afternoon. Here’s a screenshot Dana sent when the video hit that milestone:

The Instagram feed for Dana Hofer Brass, 12:56 pm, December 13, 2025. 1 million views.

There you go. 1M. 1 million people have watched me play “We Wish You a Merry Christmas” on a two hundred year old buccin. That. Is. Bonkers. You never know when something like this will happen. I was just trying out my new/old trombone. I wasn’t looking for a global audience. I wasn’t planning to play for one million people. And full disclosure: There’s nothing in this for me; there’s no money involved. But I’m thrilled that the buccin has a new audience, and most of all I’m happy for the publicity this has generated for Dana Hofer and his shop. A happy result of this is he’s gained hundreds of new followers for his Instagram and Facebook accounts, and if that results in more people using his services, that’s great news. If you’re in the Chicago area and you need a terrific brass instrument repair person, Dana Hofer — Dana Hofer Brass Repair — is the person you’ll want to see.

Merry Christmas and Happy New Year to you, friends—all 1 million of you—from Dana Hofer, my buccin, and me.

The Last Trombone – Douglas Yeo